The author paid attention to the importance of small cities in the country, the mechanisms of implementation of educational policy in the state-public management of general secondary education in such cities of Ukraine, the management of the department of education in small cities was modernized, the legislative acts regulating its activities were submitted, as well as strategic documents, which define the conceptual guidelines for the development of general secondary education. The peculiarities of cooperation between the two components of the state and public administration for its development are considered, there were proposed some mechanisms for the implementation of educational policy at the local level.Звернено увагу на значущість малих міст в країні, розкрито механізми реалізації освітньої політики при державно-громадському управлінні загальною середньою освітою в таких містах України, модернізації управління відділу освіти в громадах малих міст, подано законодавчі акти, що регулюють його діяльність, а також стратегічні документи, що визначають концептуальні орієнтири розвитку загальної середньої освіти. Розглянуто особливості співпраці обох складових державно-громадського управління її розвитком, а також запропоновано певні механізми щодо реалізації освітньої політики на місцевому рівні.
The purpose of the article is to identify the main migration groups of big cities of Ukraine, to define the features of their involvement in cities labour markets and infrastructure services at the local level. The work is aimed at resolving the scientific contradiction between the high concentration of migrants in specific cities and researches, which are carried out mostly at the state level. The change of research focus from the national to the local level determines the relevance and novelty of the publication. The article structures the subject field of migration research at the level of certain settlements (localities). Depending on the degree of arrived population, integration into the organization of the city system, the article distinguishes two main types of persons: migrant visitors and migrant residents. The first group includes people who live outside big cities but make regular trips there to study or work (so-called pendulum and shift migrants). The significant impact of this group is on the transport infrastructure of Ukraine's big cities, which is currently in need of renovation and modernization. Migrant residents, arriving in big cities, settle there for a long time or for good, thus creating more robust and diverse connections with the locality of arrival. This group's presence mostly affects housing, communal, household and educational infrastructure of big cities. The category of migrant residents in big cities has quite a heterogeneous composition: this includes foreigners and Ukrainians who came from other regions (among which there is a large group of internally displaced persons). Socio-economic involvement of international immigrants largely depends on the legal status holding.
Large cities concentrate a substantial part of the educated, highly qualified, and economically active populations. Such social "selection" with the peculiarities of lifestyle determines the distinctive characteristics of the level and structure of mortality. Even though data on deaths by causes of death for the large cities are available in Ukraine, very few studies have analyzed cause-specific mortality in these cities. The objective of the study is to make a comparative analysis of mortality from the most influential causes of death in large cities. The novelty lies in the comparative analysis done for Dnipro, Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, and Kharkiv for the first time. The study uses the direct method of standardization to calculate standardized death rates by sex in 2005-2019. The results indicate lower all-cause mortality rates for the large city residents compared to the corresponding average country-level indicators. Kyiv, Lviv, and Odesa have lower death rates compared to Dnipro and Kharkiv. In Kyiv and Lviv, this is attributed to lower mortality from almost all major causes of death, while in Odesa this mainly resulted from the extremely low ischemic heart disease mortality. Relatively high mortality from circulatory diseases is observed in Kharkiv and Dnipro. However, in Dnipro, this is associated with a high death rate from coronary heart disease and a very low contribution of cerebrovascular disease, whereas in Kharkiv coronary and cerebrovascular disease death rates are quite high. Mortality rates from diseases of the digestive system in the large cities are found to be the closest to the average in Ukraine (except for Lviv). The neoplasms are the only large group of diseases with a mortality rate that exceeds the average level in Ukraine, in particular for women. Overall, the death rates from most of the causes of death in the large cities demonstrated a positive trend in 2005-2019, with some exceptions. External causes and infectious diseases showed the most decrease while mortality from AIDS and ill-defined causes increased. Also, there were uncertain dynamics of deaths due to suicide and injuries with undetermined intent. Given some specific mortality differences between the cities, some concerns have been raised over the accuracy of the coding of diagnoses. In particular, unusually low mortality from ischemic heart disease was found in Odesa and from cerebrovascular disease in Dnipro, very rare deaths from alcoholic liver disease in Odesa, accidental alcohol poisoning in Kyiv, and a group of other liver diseases in Dnipro. We also assume misclassification of suicides as injuries with undetermined intent in Kharkiv. Our findings highlight the importance of the implementation of automated coding and selection of causes of death that can minimize the number of subjective decisions made by coders and lead to significant improvements in the quality of data.
Abstract. The article addresses the issue of the smart city concept in reference to two neighbouring countries – Poland and Ukraine. The paper also analyses different research trends and directions in the scope of the smart city concept, as well as the process and conditions of implementation of the concept in countries selected for detailed analysis. The detailed analysis covered the implementation of the smart city concept in two cities in Poland and Ukraine, belonging to neighbouring administrative units of the second order – Lublin and Lviv. It was determined that both in Poland and Ukraine, the smart city concept is only at the initial stage of implementation. It is caused by a number of different conditions, primarily including socio-economic transformation of the countries and inconsequence in reforming different spheres of socio-economic life in Ukraine. Local initiatives (analysed in detail based on the example of the cities of Lublin and Lviv) were determined to be of key importance in the implementation process.
Abstract. The article addresses the issue of the smart city concept in reference to two neighbouring countries – Poland and Ukraine. The paper also analyses different research trends and directions in the scope of the smart city concept, as well as the process and conditions of implementation of the concept in countries selected for detailed analysis. The detailed analysis covered the implementation of the smart city concept in two cities in Poland and Ukraine, belonging to neighbouring administrative units of the second order – Lublin and Lviv. It was determined that both in Poland and Ukraine, the smart city concept is only at the initial stage of implementation. It is caused by a number of different conditions, primarily including socio-economic transformation of the countries and inconsequence in reforming different spheres of socio-economic life in Ukraine. Local initiatives (analysed in detail based on the example of the cities of Lublin and Lviv) were determined to be of key importance in the implementation process.
Abstract. The article addresses the issue of the smart city concept in reference to two neighbouring countries – Poland and Ukraine. The paper also analyses different research trends and directions in the scope of the smart city concept, as well as the process and conditions of implementation of the concept in countries selected for detailed analysis. The detailed analysis covered the implementation of the smart city concept in two cities in Poland and Ukraine, belonging to neighbouring administrative units of the second order – Lublin and Lviv. It was determined that both in Poland and Ukraine, the smart city concept is only at the initial stage of implementation. It is caused by a number of different conditions, primarily including socio-economic transformation of the countries and inconsequence in reforming different spheres of socio-economic life in Ukraine. Local initiatives (analysed in detail based on the example of the cities of Lublin and Lviv) were determined to be of key importance in the implementation process.
The aim of this paper is to identify the age-specifi c characteristics of the mortality in the large cities of Ukraine and their contributions to the changes in life expectancy in these cities. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the dynamics of life expectancy from 2002 through 2019 in six cities: Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, and Donetsk. It is shown that most of the large cities have generally experienced higher life expectancy than other urban settlements in Ukraine, but there is a signifi cant variation in the levels and changes in life expectancy across cities. Overall, the study established the vanguard position of Lviv and Kyiv in terms of life expectancy, although these cities, as well as Kharkiv, showed a slower increase in life expectancy in 2002-2019. In contrast, Dnipro and Odesa, as well as Donetsk (up to 2014) having lower life expectancy and wider diff erences by sex demonstrated the pronounced improvement in life expectancy during that period. In recent years, there has been a trend towards narrowing the gap between cities, and this convergence is occurring more rapidly among men than among women. In 2002, the gap between cities with the highest and lowest life expectancy was 5.4 years for males and 2.6 years for females while in 2019 it was reduced to 2 years for men and 1.6 years for women. We made a decomposition of diff erences in life expectancy at birth between the cities in 2002 and 2019 to assess the age-specifi c mortality contributions into disparities between urban areas. The results have revealed that across almost all cities these diff erences are mainly driven by excess mortality in working ages. Also, we found that excess mortality in the middle working ages and under 1 year of age appeared to be the important factors of lower life expectancy in Donetsk compared to Lviv and Kyiv. Odesa and Dnipro are lagging behind by survival rate not only in the older but also in young working age groups, and Kharkiv has slightly higher mortality among older people (in comparison to Lviv and Kyiv). Th e conclusion is made that the main gradient of diff erences in life expectancy between the large cities has been determined mainly by deaths in working ages, i.e. mostly driven by health-related behavior and lifestyle. Nevertheless, a gradual shift in urban life expectancy diff erences is now taking place towards mortality in older age groups, i.e. more determined by the eff ectiveness of treatment of chronic diseases. Th e issue of data quality is also considered. In particular, the confi dence interval of the probability of dying in the fi rst year of life in the six selected cities is estimated to determine the accuracy of these indicators.
The evolution of an urban settlement system in the post-Soviet space is analyzed by the comparison of the progress of urbanization and changes in migration balances of cities of different size, status, and location in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Despite the differences in size and density of cities, their hierarchical and spatial structure, and management decisions, many trends in the development of city systems were similar in these countries. The reasons for different migration attractiveness of cities of different sizes are discussed including their socioeconomic statuses and infrastructural arrangement. These countries are characterized by strong contrasts in urban settlement patterns where large and very large centers play a major role and there is a significant proportion of small towns. In all three countries, there are significant differences between the quality of life in large urban centers and small towns. The situation before the military events in Ukraine in 2014 is analyzed. Migration in the period of 1990–2013 mostly from rural areas and from small and medium-sized cities to major centers supports the hypothesis of renewed urbanization that had gone uncompleted in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus in the Soviet era. Two main migration directions can be noted in the post-Soviet period: from rural areas to capitals, their suburbs, and other large cities, and for Russia and Ukraine (until 2014), from the east to the central and southern regions.
